swḫꜣ

Egyptian

FWOTD – 22 July 2023

s- (causative prefix) +‎ wḫꜣ (“to be foolish”).

caus. 3-lit.

(transitive) to befool, to make a fool of (someone)
- c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Eloquent Peasant, version B1 (pAmherst 1 and pBerlin 3023) lines 312–313:
  
  jw {sw}⟨ws⟩f.k r tht.k jw ꜥwn-jb.k r swḫꜣ.k jw snm.k r sḫpr ḫrwyw.k
  Your neglectfulness will violate you, your greed will make a fool of you, your rapacity will bring your enemies into being.

Conjugation of swḫꜣ (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: swḫꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
swḫꜣ	swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ	swḫꜣt	swḫꜣ	swḫꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
swḫꜣ	ḥr swḫꜣ	m swḫꜣ	r swḫꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	swḫꜣ.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	swḫꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	swḫꜣ	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw⁵, swḫꜣy⁵
imperfective	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy, swḫꜣw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣj⁶, swḫꜣy⁶	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw⁵
prospective	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣtj⁷	—	swḫꜣwtj^{1 4}, swḫꜣtj⁴, swḫꜣt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of swḫꜣ

swḫꜣ

swḫj

m

Declension of swḫꜣ (masculine)

See under the verb above.

Prefixed with s- (causative prefix); the stem is perhaps wḫ (“to be dark”).

caus. 3-lit.

Conjugation of swḫꜣ (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: swḫꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
swḫꜣ	swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ	swḫꜣt	swḫꜣ	swḫꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
swḫꜣ	ḥr swḫꜣ	m swḫꜣ	r swḫꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	swḫꜣ.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	swḫꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	swḫꜣ	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw⁵, swḫꜣy⁵
imperfective	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy, swḫꜣw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣj⁶, swḫꜣy⁶	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw⁵
prospective	swḫꜣ, swḫꜣtj⁷	—	swḫꜣwtj^{1 4}, swḫꜣtj⁴, swḫꜣt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of swḫꜣ

swḫ

swḫꜣ

sḫꜣ

[New Kingdom]

“swḫꜣ (lemma ID 130690)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
“swḫꜣ (lemma ID 851604)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
“swḫꜣ (lemma ID 130680)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1930) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 74.6–74.9
Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 217–218

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